He Puka honua
ʻO nā pollutants organic persistent (POPs) he mau mea ʻawaʻawa e hoʻopilikia i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni a puni ka honua. No ka mea hiki ke lawe ʻia e ka makani a me ka wai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā POP i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina hoʻokahi hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu mamao loa mai kahi i hoʻohana ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Hoʻomau lākou no ka manawa lōʻihi i ke kaiapuni a hiki ke hōʻiliʻili a hele mai kekahi ʻano a i kekahi ma o ke kaulahao meaʻai. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia hopohopo honua, ua hui pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me 90 mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe a me ka European Community e hoʻopaʻa inoa i kahi kuʻikahi groundbreaking United Nations ma Stockholm, Suedena, i Mei 2001. Ma lalo o ke kuikahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo Stockholm Convention, ua ʻae nā ʻāina e hōʻemi a hoʻopau paha i ka hana, hoʻohana, a / a hoʻokuʻu paha i 12 POPs kī (e nānā i ka pahu), a ua kuhikuhi ʻia ma lalo o ka Convention i kahi kaʻina loiloi ʻepekema o ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻAʻole hana hou ʻia ka nui o nā POP i loko o ka Stockholm Convention ma kēia ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā kamaʻāina ʻAmelika a me nā wahi noho ke pilikia mai nā POP i hoʻomau i ke kaiapuni mai nā POP i hana ʻole ʻia i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, mai nā POP i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe a laila lawe ʻia ma ʻaneʻi (e ka makani a i ʻole ka wai, no ka laʻana), a i ʻole mai ʻelua. ʻOiai ua hana ikaika ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia e hoʻomalu i nā POP, ua hoʻomaka koke ka nui o nā lāhui e ulu nei e kaohi i kā lākou hana, hoʻohana, a hoʻokuʻu.
Hoʻohui ka Stockholm Convention i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka honua i kā mākou hana ʻāina a kūloko e hoʻomalu i nā POP. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Hui Kūʻai ʻo Stockholm, ua hoʻokani ka Convention i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i nā kemika ʻino ma ka pae aupuni a me ka honua. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻemi nui ka EPA a me nā mokuʻāina i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā dioxins a me nā furans i ka ʻāina, ka ea, a me ka wai mai nā kumu US. Ma waho aʻe o ka loiloi ʻana i nā dioxins, ua hana ikaika ʻo EPA i ka hōʻemi ʻana o DDT mai nā kumu honua. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada i kahi ʻaelike no ka Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai nā mea ʻawaʻawa. Ua pūlima pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka protocol regional o ka United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ma nā POPs ma lalo o ka Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution e kamaʻilio ana i ka Stockholm Convention POPs a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻaelike pili i ka POP i komo ai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke kau inoa ʻana, ua hāʻawi pū ʻo ʻAmelika i ke kākoʻo kālā a me ka ʻenehana i nā ʻāina a puni ka honua e kākoʻo ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā POP. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau hana i loaʻa i ka dioxin a me ka furan hoʻokuʻu inventories ma Asia a me Rusia, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā kumu PCB ma Rusia.
He aha nā POP?
Nui nā POP i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka wā o ka boom i ka hana ʻoihana ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā tausani o nā kemika synthetic i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana. ʻO ka nui o kēia mau mea kemika i hōʻoia ʻia i ka maikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, a me ka ʻoihana. Ua loaʻa naʻe kēia mau kemika like i nā hopena i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni.
Nui nā poʻe i kamaʻāina i kekahi o nā POP kaulana loa, e like me nā PCB, DDT, a me nā dioxins. Aia nā POP i nā ʻano mea like ʻole:
Hana ʻia nā kemika i kēia manawa a i ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai, ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi, ka hana ʻana, a i ʻole nā hana ʻoihana. ʻO nā laʻana he PCB, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano hana ʻoihana like ʻole (e laʻa, i nā mea hoʻololi uila a me nā capacitors nui, e like me ka wai hydraulic a me ka hoʻololi wela, a me nā mea hoʻohui i nā pena a me nā lubricants) a me DDT, i hoʻohana mau ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā makika e lawe ana i ka maʻi malaria ma kekahi mau wahi o ka honua.
ʻO nā kemika i hana ʻole ʻia, e like me nā dioxins, i loaʻa mai i kekahi mau kaʻina hana ʻoihana a mai ka puhi ʻana (e laʻa, ka ʻōpala ʻōpala o ke kūlanakauhale a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka puhi ʻana i ka ʻōpala).
ʻO ka pilikia DDT
ʻO DDT paha kekahi o nā pesticides kaulana a hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hana ʻia. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 4 biliona paona o kēia kemika maʻalahi a me ka mōʻaukala maikaʻi i hana ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa mai 1940. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka DDT ma nā mea kanu mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka pulupulu, mai 1945 a hiki i 1972. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo DDT no ka pale ʻana i nā koa mai nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā pepeke e like me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi a me nā ʻāpana waiwai o ka honua i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II. nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i kēia kemika hoʻomau mau, ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ke kaiapuni a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o DDT i loko o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu - kahi mea i lawe ʻia i ka lehulehu e Rachel Carson ma kāna puke 1962, Silent Spring. Ua hōʻoia ka waiwai o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema a me ka ʻikepili kahua i ka noiʻi ʻana mai nā makahiki 1960 i manaʻo ʻia, ma waena o nā hopena ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o DDE (he metabolite o DDT) i kekahi mau manu ʻai i mea ʻeleʻele ko lākou ʻōpū hua i hiki ʻole ke hana i nā keiki ola.
ʻO kekahi ʻano manu i maʻalahi loa iā DDE, ʻo ia ka ʻaeto ʻōhule. ʻO ka hopohopo o ka lehulehu e pili ana i ka emi ʻana o nā ʻaeto a me ka hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena pōʻino lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o DDT i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu i koi i ka Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e hoʻopau i ke kākau inoa ʻana o DDT i ka makahiki 1972. Ua ʻike ka ʻaeto ʻōhule i kekahi o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā ʻano mea nui i ko mākou mōʻaukala.
Nā huakaʻi hele ma waena o nā palena
ʻO ka lepo honua: Hōʻike kēia kiʻi i kahi kiʻi ukali o ka hele ʻana o kahi ao lepo ma waena o ka Moana Pākīpika a hiki i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ua hoʻāla ʻia kēia ao lepo e ka ʻino ma Asia i ʻApelila 2001. Hōʻike pū ʻia kekahi ao lepo mai ka ʻĀkau ʻApelika e holo ana ma ke komohana ma luna o ka Moana ʻAkelanika.
ʻO kahi hoʻoikaika nui no ka Stockholm Convention ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana o ka POPs contamination ma nā ʻāpana Arctic maʻemaʻe - mau tausani mile mai kahi kumu i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike no ka lawe lōʻihi ʻana i nā mea kinoea a me nā mea ʻala i ka ea i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e kālele ana i ka lepo a i ʻole ka uahi no ka mea ʻike ʻia lākou ma nā kiʻi ukali. He paʻakikī ka ʻimi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā POP i ke kaiapuni no ka mea hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau pūhui i nā ʻāpana like ʻole (e laʻa me ke kinoea a i hoʻopili ʻia paha i nā mea ea ea) a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma waena o nā media kaiapuni. No ka laʻana, hiki ke lawe ʻia kekahi mau POP no nā mile he nui i ka wā e haʻalele ai lākou mai ka wai a i ʻole ka ʻāina i ka lewa, a i ʻole i ka wā e hoʻopili ai lākou i nā ʻāpana ea. A laila, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻi i ka Honua ma nā ʻāpana a i ʻole ka hau, ka ua, a me ka noe. Hele pū nā POP ma nā moana, nā muliwai, nā loko, a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, me ke kōkua o nā mea lawe holoholona, e like me nā ʻano lele.
He aha nā hana kūloko i hana ʻia e hoʻomalu i nā POP?
Ua hana ikaika ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā POP. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe o nā pesticides POPs mua i helu ʻia ma ka Stockholm Convention i kākau inoa ʻia no ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia lā a ma 1978, ua pāpā ʻo Congress i ka hana ʻana i nā PCB a ua kapu loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana PCB i koe. Eia kekahi, mai ka makahiki 1987, ua hoʻemi maikaʻi ʻo EPA a me nā mokuʻāina i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā dioxins a me furans i ka ʻāina, ka ea, a me ka wai mai nā kumu US. ʻO kēia mau hana hoʻoponopono, a me nā hoʻoikaika manawaleʻa a ka ʻoihana US, ua hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka nui ma mua o 85 pakeneka o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dioxin a me furan ma hope o 1987 mai nā kumu ʻoihana ʻike. No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka dioxin, ke alakaʻi nei ʻo EPA i kahi loiloi hou o ka ʻepekema dioxin a e loiloi ana i nā hana ʻē aʻe e pale ai i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni.
Hoʻopau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DDT
I loko o nā makahiki, ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika i nā ʻanuʻu he nui e kāohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o DDT:
1969: Ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā koena DDT i ke kaiapuni, ua kāpae ka US Department of Agriculture (USDA) i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i kekahi mau hoʻohana o DDT (ma nā kumu lāʻau malu, ma ka paka, ma ka home, a ma nā wahi wai).
1970: Hoʻopau ʻo USDA i nā noi DDT ma nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu kalepa, a me nā huahana lāʻau, a me nā kumu kūkulu hale.
1972: Ma lalo o ka mana o EPA, ua kāpae ʻia nā hoʻopaʻa inoa o nā huahana DDT i koe.
1989: ʻO nā hoʻohana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (hoʻohana olakino lehulehu no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka vector, hoʻohana pūʻali koa no ka quarantine, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā maki kino) ua kāpae ʻia.
I kēia lā: ʻAʻohe palapala inoa US no DDT, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai ʻia a māhele ʻia ma ke kānāwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ka hoomalu ana i na Dioxins
Ua ʻimi ʻo EPA i ka mana hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā dioxins a me nā furans hoʻokuʻu i ka ea, ka wai, a me ka lepo. Pono ka Clean Air Act i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻokele kiʻekiʻe loa no nā mea haumia ea weliweli, me nā dioxins a me nā furans. ʻO nā kumu kumu nui i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma lalo o kēia mana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaona, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka ʻōpala pōʻino; ka hana pulp a me ka pepa; a me kekahi mau hana hana metala a hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Dioxin i ka wai ma o ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea hana pili i ka pilikia a me ka ʻenehana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o ke kānāwai wai maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻāina i hoʻohaumia ʻia e ka dioxin he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka EPA Superfund and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Corrective Action programs. ʻO nā hana manawaleʻa e hoʻomalu i nā dioxins a me nā furans, ʻo ia ka EPA's Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxics Program a me ka Dioxin Exposure Initiative, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike e hoʻomaopopo i nā hana e hiki mai ana a e hōʻemi hou i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka dioxin.
Pehea ka hopena o nā POP i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu?
Ua hoʻopili nā haʻawina i nā hōʻike POP i ka emi ʻana, nā maʻi, a i ʻole nā mea ʻino i kekahi mau ʻano holoholona hihiu, me kekahi mau ʻano iʻa, manu, a me nā mammals. Hiki i nā holoholona hihiu ke hana ma ke ʻano he kiaʻi no ke olakino kanaka: hiki i nā mea ʻino a hōʻole paha i ʻike ʻia i ka heluna holoholona hihiu ke kani i ka bele aʻo mua no ka poʻe. No ka laʻana, ua alakaʻi ka poʻe ʻepekema e noiʻi i nā hōʻike POP i nā heluna kanaka (e ʻike i lalo no ka ʻike hou aku no nā Lakes Nui).
I loko o nā kānaka, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole o ka hānau ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ke ʻano, ka neurologic, endocrine, a me ka immunologic i nā POPs. Hōʻike nui ʻia nā kānaka i nā POP ma o nā meaʻai haumia. ʻO nā ala hoʻolaha liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka inu ʻana i ka wai haumia a me ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me nā kemika. I loko o nā kānaka a me nā mea momona ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā POP ma o ka placenta a me ka waiū umauma i ka ulu ʻana i nā keiki. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo kēia ʻike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pono i ʻike ʻia o ka hānai ʻana ma mua o nā pilikia i manaʻo ʻia.
Pilikia kekahi mau heluna kanaka i ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka POP, me ka poʻe i loaʻa ka nui o ka iʻa, ka iʻa, a i ʻole nā meaʻai hihiu i ka momona a loaʻa ma ka ʻāina. No ka laʻana, pilikia paha ka poʻe ʻōiwi no ka mea nānā lākou i nā kuʻuna moʻomeheu a me ka ʻuhane e pili ana i kā lākou ʻai. No lākou, ʻaʻole he leʻaleʻa a he leʻaleʻa ka lawaiʻa a me ka hopu holoholona, akā he ʻāpana ia o ke ʻano kuʻuna, ola ola, kahi mea ʻole o ka iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia. Ma nā wahi mamao o Alaska a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka meaʻai i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina ʻo ia wale nō ke koho maʻalahi no ka meaʻai (e nānā i lalo no ka ʻike hou aku no ka Arctic).
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kānaka koʻikoʻi, e like me nā kamaliʻi, ka poʻe ʻelemakule, a me ka poʻe me nā ʻōnaehana pale pale, i nā ʻano mea haumia he nui, me nā POPs. Ma muli o ka pili ʻana o nā POP i nā hemahema o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i nā kāne a me nā wahine o nā makahiki hānau keiki ke pilikia.
POPS a me ke kaulahao meaʻai
Hana nā POP i ko lākou ala ma o ke kaulahao meaʻai ma o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka momona o ke kino o nā mea ola a lilo i mea koʻikoʻi i ko lākou neʻe ʻana mai kekahi mea i kekahi. Ua kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana "biomagnification." Ke ʻike ʻia nā mea haumia i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ke kaulahao meaʻai biomagnify, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha nui i nā mea ʻaihue e hānai ana ma luna o ke kaulahao meaʻai. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i nā hoʻokuʻu liʻiliʻi o nā POP ke loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi.
Biomagnification in Action: A 1997 study by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, called Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report, loaʻa i ka caribou ma Canada's Northwest Territories he 10 manawa ka nui o nā PCB e like me ka lichen kahi i hānai ai lākou; Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pae PCB i loko o nā ʻīlio hae i hānai i ka caribou ma kahi o 60 mau manawa e like me ka lichen.
Ke kuleana o ka ʻepekema
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻepekema e aʻo ai e pili ana i nā kemika POP, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā makahiki o ka noiʻi ʻepekema i ko mākou ʻike no ka hopena o ka POP i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻia nā kumu haʻahaʻa o kekahi mau POP i kekahi mau ʻōnaehana okana a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina ʻo ka ʻike mau ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o kekahi mau POP hiki ke hopena i nā hemahema o ka ʻōnaehana hānau a me ka pale. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau kemika POP - ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea maʻamau i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hihiu - hiki ke hōʻeha nui a make paha. ʻO nā haʻawina epidemiological o nā heluna kanaka i hōʻike ʻia a me nā noiʻi ʻana i nā holoholona hihiu e hāʻawi hou i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena olakino. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ia mau haʻawina ma mua o nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole hiki ke kāpae ʻia nā koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe ke kumu o nā hopena ʻino.
Ke hoʻomau nei mākou i ke aʻo ʻana i nā POP, e aʻo hou mākou e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka POP i ka lehulehu, pehea ka nui o kekahi mau ʻano (me nā kānaka) i ʻike ʻia, a me nā hopena o nā POP i kēia mau ʻano a me ko lākou kaiaola. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo EPA i kahi hōʻike e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka ʻepekema ma POPs (e nānā i nā kumuwaiwai ma lalo).
Nā waihona o nā POP
Hiki ke waiho ʻia nā POP i loko o nā kaiaola kai a me ka wai maʻemaʻe ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka effluent, ka waiho ʻana o ka lewa, ka wai kahe, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. No ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a o ka ho'ohehe'e wai 'ana o nā POP, ua pa'a ikaika lākou i nā mea 'āpana i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā sediment ma ke ʻano he mau waihona a i ʻole nā poho no nā POP. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kēia mau sediment, hiki ke lawe ʻia nā POP mai ke kahe ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi. Inā hoʻopilikia ʻia, hiki ke hoʻokomo hou ʻia i loko o ke kaiaola a me ke kaulahao meaʻai, hiki ke lilo i kumu no ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ʻāina, a me ka honua.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo SINOYQX mai nā Persistent Organic Pollutants: He Pilikia Honua, He Pane Honua | US EPA