He aha ka Aerogel?

Ka hanau ana o Airgel

I ka makahiki 1931, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Kistler i ka wai mai ka paʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana hoʻomaloʻo supercritical alcoholic a mālama i ke ʻano o ke kinoea mai ka emi ʻana a me ka hāʻule ʻana, e hopena i ka airgel i ka honua.

Wehewehe o Airgel
ʻO Airgel kahi mea paʻa māmā nano-porous amorphous me nā micro-particles nanometer-scale i hui pū ʻia me kekahi e hana i kahi ʻōnaehana porous nanometer-scale a hoʻopiha ʻia me ka nui o nā media dispersion gaseous i loko o ka iwi iwi.

ʻAʻole ʻo Aerogels wale nō kahi mea hana, akā he kūlana hou o ka mea. He ʻokoʻa ka mokuʻāina airgel mai nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka mea ma nā waiwai he nui. He paʻa kona nui a me kona ʻano e like me ka mea paʻa, akā naʻe, hiki i kona mānoanoa ʻike ke loaʻa mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1 g/cm³ a ​​i 0.001 g/cm³ (haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka nui o ka ea); i ka manawa like, loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano porous e like me ka sponge, me nā waiwai he nui o ka microscopic (nano-scale skeleton), macroscopic (condensed matter) a me mesoscopic (multi-level and fractal structure) mau hiʻohiʻona, e loaʻa ai i nā aerogels nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa. Hōʻike ia i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka elasticity, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa phonon rate, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa refractive index, haʻahaʻa dielectric mau, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kani, kiʻekiʻe kikoʻī kikoʻī kikoʻī, ākea ākea a me ka hoʻohele kuhikuhi kuhikuhi, etc.

Hoʻokaʻawale i nā Aerogels
Aia kahi ākea o nā aerogels, e uhi ana i nā ʻōnaehana waiwai āpau. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, e like me ka haku mele, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā aerogels organik, nā aerogels inorganic a me nā aerogels composite, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ke kūlana a me ke kuleana o nā Aerogels
'Ōlelo nā kānakaʻepekema e hoʻololi nā aerogels i ka honua.

Ua helu ʻia ʻo Airgel ma ke ʻano he 10 kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻepekema wela a me nā pilikia ʻenehana i ka pukana 250th o ka puke puke ʻepekema ʻAmelika. Ma ka lā 20 ʻAukake 2007, ua hōʻike ʻo The Times ʻo ka airgel ka paʻa māmā loa o ka honua e hiki ke pale aku i ka mana pahū o 1kg o ka dynamite a mālama iā ʻoe mai ka wela o kahi puhi puhi ma luna o 1300°C. Ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka airgel i nā mea āpau mai ka super-insulated space suits i nā supercapacitors i nā catalysts i ka hanauna hou o nā racket tennis. Ua hoʻohiki ʻo Airgel e hoʻokūkū i nā hanauna o nā mea kaʻao e like me ka resin phenolic mai 1930s, carbon fiber mai ka 1980s a me ka silicone mai ka 1990s.

Ua helu pinepine ʻia ʻo Airgel ma ka Guinness Book of World Records ma ke ʻano he paʻa māmā loa o ka honua. Loaʻa iā Airgel kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka refractive index a he 39 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka insulating ma mua o nā fiber aniani maikaʻi loa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Airgel e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kahua mokulele ʻo Russian Mir a me ka US Mars Pathfinder rover, a ua hana nui i ka ʻoihana aerospace.

Moolelo o ka hooulu ana o Airgel
1931, ua hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia nā aerogel e Kistler ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford, USA.
ʻO 1985, ka symposium mua ma nā aerogels, i kapa ʻia ʻo ISA, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka Institute of Physics ma ke Kulanui o Würzburg, Kelemānia.
1993, hoʻohana ʻia nā aerogels no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea lewa, nā mokulele a me nā kaʻa kaʻa.
2002, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Aspen Aerogel, kahi hui NASA e hoʻomohala a hana i nā aerogels.
2004, ka noiʻi airgel i mālama ʻia e nā keʻena noiʻi kūloko Kina.
I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻomaka nā hui airgel home ma Kina e hoʻomohala i nā aerogels.
2017, hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo Kina, GB/T 34336-201, Nonporous Airgel Composite Insulation Products
2021, ua hoʻopuka ka ʻAha Mokuʻāina, "Hoʻolālā Hana no ka Carbon Reaching the Peak e 2023" i ka wikiwiki ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka carbon fiber, aerogel, kila kūikawā a me nā mea kumu ʻē aʻe.

ʻO nā waiwai nui o nā Aerogels
(1) Māmā-māmā. ʻO Airgel ka paʻa liʻiliʻi loa o ka honua, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hapaono o ka nui o ka ea. ʻO ka laulā o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka density he 0.001 ~ 1g/cm³.

(2) Porosity kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe kiko'ī ili. ʻO 80% ~ 99.9% ka porosity, ʻo 200 ~ 1000m2 / g ka kikoʻī kikoʻī, a ʻo ka nui o nā pores he 1 ~ 100nm.

(3) Super thermal insulation. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana nano-network slim o ka aerogel e kaupalena pono i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wela kūloko, a ʻo kāna conductivity thermal solid-state he 2 ~ 3 kauoha o ka nui haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea aniani e pili ana.

ʻO ke kumu o ka airgel thermal insulation
Hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻoili wela: ʻO ka helu palena ʻole o nā nanoparticles i ka airgel e hana i kahi iwi iwi, a hiki ke kahe wale ka wela ma kahi helu pau ʻole o nā nanoparticles. Hiki ke alakaʻi wale ʻia ke kahe wela ma kahi helu pau ʻole o nā nanoparticles, ka hopena i kahi ala kokoke pau ʻole o ka hoʻoili wela i ka paʻa. Hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻoili wela i ka paʻa i ka pae haʻahaʻa loa.

Ka pale ʻana i ka convection thermal : ʻO ka nui awelika o ka pore o nā aerogels he 20-40 nm, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka awelika o ka laulā manuahi o nā molekala kinoea o 69 nm, a nalowale nā ​​​​molekala kinoea i loko o nā pores i ko lākou hiki ke neʻe manuahi, e aneane hiki ʻole ai ka convection.

Hoʻemi ʻia ka radiation thermal : ʻO nā paia pore i hana ʻia e nā nanoparticles i loko o nā aerogels he mau pale infrared, a ʻo ka helu palena ʻole o nā pale e hōʻemi nui ana i ka radiation thermal.

(4) Catalysis. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka airgel e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a me ke koho ʻana o nā catalysts airgel ma mua o nā catalysts maʻamau, a hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia nā mea hana i loko o ka mea lawe, a loaʻa nō hoʻi ke kūpaʻa thermal maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻemi pono i ka hanana ʻana o nā hopena ʻaoʻao.

(5) Hoʻopuʻu kani. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā aerogels e lilo lākou i mea kūpono no ka hoʻopaneʻe acoustic a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kani wela. Nui ka laulā o ka acoustic impedance o ka airgel [103 ~ 107kg/(㎡-s)], ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohui pono acoustic kūpaʻa kūpono no nā mea ʻike ultrasonic. ʻO ke kūpaʻa acoustic o nā ceramics piezoelectric i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea hana kani ultrasonic a me nā mea ʻike he 1.5 × 107kg/(㎡-s), ʻoiai ʻo ke kūpaʻa acoustic o ka ea he 400kg/(㎡-s wale nō). Ke hoʻohana nei i ka airgel silicon me ka mānoanoa o 1/4 ka lōʻihi o ka nalu a me ka nui o kahi o 0.3g / cm³ e like me ka mea hoʻohui acoustic resistance coupling material ma waena o ka piezoelectric ceramics a me ka ea hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ikaika o ke kani e 30dB, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā nalu acoustic a hōʻemi i ka ratio signal-to-noise i nā noi polokalamu.

(6) Hana kānana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā aerogels Nanostructured ma ke ʻano he ʻano hou o nā mea kānana kinoea maikaʻi loa. Ma muli o kona ʻāpana ʻāina kikoʻī nui loa, ua kapa ʻia nā aerogel e nā ʻepekema ʻo "super sponges" a he mea kūpono ia no ka adsorbing pollutants i loko o ka wai, omo ʻana i ke kēpau a me ka mercury mai ka wai, e lilo lākou i mea maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pōʻino kaiaola.

(7) ʻO nā ʻano oki. Maʻemaʻe SiO₂ airgel mea akaka a me ka waihoʻoluʻu, a me kona refractive index (1.006~1.06) kokoke loa i ko ka ea, 'o ia hoʻi, ua kokoke ole ea ea SiO₂ poho i ka hanana hanana a hiki ke hoʻouna pono i ka lā. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka insulation a me ke aniani hōʻemi leo.

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