Ma ka hola 13:00 o ka manawa ma ka lā 24 ʻAukake 2023, ua hoʻomaka ka hale mana nuklea ʻo Fukushima Daiichi o Iapana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai i hoʻohaumia ʻia i loko o ke kai. Ua hoʻāla ka manaʻo nui i ka honua. Ua waiho aku ka Elele o Kina no Iapana, Wu Jianghao, i ke aupuni o Iapana no ka hoopuka ana i ka wai haumia o Fukushima i ke kai; Ka Hooponopono Nui o ka Dute o Kina: Ka hoopau loa ia ana o ka lawe ana mai i na mea wai kai Iapana; Ke Kuhina Nui o South Korea: E hoʻomau ʻo South Korea i ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā huahana wai ʻo Fukushima Iapana me ka loli ʻole.
ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nuklea, e like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, ʻo ia ka ʻōpala i loaʻa i ka radioactivity. E like me ka wai ʻōpala radioactive nui i hana ʻia i nā pōpilikia leakage nuklea, a i ʻole ka wai hoʻoluʻu e pili pono ana me ka wahie nuklea. Wahi a ka poʻe loea, ʻaʻole like ka wai ʻōpala nuklea me ka wai ʻōpala nuklea. ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o ka hoʻoheheʻe nuklea, he 64 mau ʻano mea radioactive nuklea me ka tritium.
Loaʻa i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nukili he mau mea radioactive, e like me ka uranium, plutonium, caesium, strontium, iodine a me ka cobalt. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mau hapalua ola lōʻihi, e like me ka hapalua o ke ola o ka uranium-238, ʻo ia ka 4.5 biliona makahiki, a me ka hapalua o ke ola o ka plutonium-239, ʻo ia hoʻi he 24,000 mau makahiki. Hoʻopilikia kēia mau mea radioactive i ke kino o ke kanaka a me ke kaiapuni, e like me ka carcinogenicity, teratogenicity a me ka mutagenicity. Ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole a me nā kūlana, ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo a me nā ʻāpana o nā mea radioactive like ʻole i ka effluent nuklea, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻamau ma mua o nā kūlana honua a me nā palena palekana.
Inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka lepo nuklea i loko o ke kaiapuni me ka ʻole o ka mālama pono ʻana, he hopena koʻikoʻi ia i ke kaiaola a me ke olakino kanaka. Hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia nā mea radioactive ma o ka wai, ka lepo, ka ea, nā kaulahao meaʻai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka radiation i loko o nā mea ola, e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi like ʻole a me nā hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano. No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai nuklea pono e hahai i nā kūlana palekana a me nā loina e pale aku ai i nā leakage a me nā pōʻino.
ʻO nā ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino nukelea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole penei:
- Ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika he ala ia e hoʻopili ai i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka nui o nā radionuclides i loko o ka wai ʻino. ʻO Hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates a me nā pūhui radionuclides ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai ʻōpala ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka wā mālama. ʻO ke kumu o ka lapaʻau kemika, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana a hoʻopaʻa i nā radionuclides i loko o ka wai ʻino i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōpala, i liʻiliʻi ka radioactivity i waiho ʻia a hiki ke hoʻokō i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu.
ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o kēia ʻano he kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka hopena maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana i nā radionuclides logarithmic, a me ka hiki ke mālama i nā ʻāpana non-radioactive a me kā lākou ʻike a me ka wai ʻino wai me ka nui o ka fluidization. ʻO nā keʻena lapaʻau a me nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia he ʻike makua.
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā paʻakai hao, nā paʻakai aluminika, nā phosphates, a me ka soda ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia. No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kaʻina hana coagulation, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea kōkua coagulation e like me ka pālolo, silica hoʻōla, a me nā electrolytes polymer. No ka cesium, ruthenium, iodine a me nā nuclides radioactive ʻē aʻe i paʻakikī ke wehe ʻia, pono e hoʻohana i nā precipitants kemika kūikawā. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka cesium e ka corecipitation o ka ferric ferrocyanide a me ka copper ferrocyanide. Hoʻohana kekahi poʻe i ka xanthate starch hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai radioactive metala. He maikaʻi ka hopena lapaʻau, ākea ka hoʻohana ʻana, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻoneʻe radioactive he> 90%. He flocculant hoʻololi ion me ka hana maikaʻi loa. No ka mea ʻaʻohe koena sulfide i ka wā e mālama ai i ka wai ʻino, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino.
- ʻano hoʻololi ion
Nui nā radionuclides i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai radioactive ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka ua. Ma muli o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā radionuclides i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a colloidal, ʻo ka mea i koe he ʻano ionic, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau cations. Eia kekahi, aia nā radionuclides i ka liʻiliʻi i loko o ka wai, no laila ua kūpono loa lākou no ka mālama ʻana i ka ion exchange, a me ka ʻole o ke keakea ʻana mai nā ion non-radioactive, hiki ke hana maikaʻi ke hoʻololi ion no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā resins hoʻololi cation he hiki ke hoʻoneʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana hoʻololi nui no ka radioactive strontium. Hiki i ka phenolic cation resin ke wehe pono i ka cesium radioactive, a ʻo ka microporous cation resin ʻaʻole hiki ke wehe wale i nā cations radioactive, akā hoʻoneʻe pū i ka zirconium, niobium, cobalt i ke ʻano o nā colloids, a me ka ruthenium ma ke ʻano o nā complexes ma o adsorption. Eia naʻe, he nāwaliwali ko kēia kānāwai. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike o nā nuclides radioactive a i ʻole nā iona non-radioactive i loko o ka wai ʻōpala, e komo koke ka moena resin a lilo i mea ʻole. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole hana hou ʻia ka resin i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino radioactive, no laila ke hāʻule ʻole, pono e hoʻololi koke ʻia.
Hoʻohana ke ʻano hoʻololi ion i ka resin exchange ion, kahi kūpono no ka wai ʻōpala me ka haʻahaʻa o ka paʻakai. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka paʻakai, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka mālama ʻana me ka resin exchange ion ma mua o ke kaʻina koho. ʻO kēia ke kumu ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka resin i loaʻa ka pilina nui me nā radionuclides. I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai radioactive, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrodialysis ke hoʻonui i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hoʻololi ion.
- ʻO ke ʻano adsorption
ʻO ka Adsorption kahi ala kūpono no ka wehe ʻana i nā ion metala kaumaha mai ka wai ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea paʻa porous e adsorb a wehe i nā ion metala kaumaha. ʻO ka ʻenehana koʻikoʻi o ke ʻano adsorption ke koho ʻana i ka adsorbent. ʻO nā adsorbents maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he kalapona, zeolite, kaolin, bentonite, pālolo, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā adsorbents inorganic ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka zeolite adsorption a me ka hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka zeolite he 10 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā adsorbents inorganic ʻē aʻe, no laila he mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū wai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he adsorbent i nā kaʻina hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai, a hana pū nō hoʻi ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻololi ion a me kahi mea kānana.
Loaʻa i ka carbon activated ka mana adsorption ikaika a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wehe ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana hou ʻana o ka carbon activated, a paʻakikī ka maikaʻi o ka wai o ka wai i mālama ʻia i nā koi hoʻohana. He pipiʻi ke kumukūʻai a ua kaupalena ʻia ka noi. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala mālie ʻia nā ʻano mea adsorbent me ka hiki ke hoʻololi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka chitosan a me kāna mau derivatives he adsorbents maikaʻi no nā ion metala kaumaha. Ma hope o ka crosslinking, hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka resin chitosan i nā manawa he nui me ka ʻole o ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka hiki adsorption. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sepiolite i hoʻololi ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino metala koʻikoʻi ka mana adsorption maikaʻi no Co a me Ag, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka metala kaumaha i loko o ka wai ʻino i mālama ʻia ma mua o ka maʻamau o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai.
- ʻO ka mahu a me ka noʻonoʻo
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe evaporative he kumu koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a me ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a hoʻohana nui ʻia e mālama i ka wai radioactive medium a kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kumu hana o ke ʻano evaporation ʻo ia: hoʻouna ʻia ka wai ʻōpala radioactive i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, a i ka manawa like, hoʻokomo ʻia ka mahu wela e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai i loko o ka wai, ʻoiai e mau ana nā radionuclides i ka wai. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia a hoʻohana hou ʻia ka wai condensed i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka evaporation, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻAʻole kūpono ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala i loaʻa nā nuclides volatile a me ka maʻalahi o ka huʻa; hoopau ia i ka ikehu wela a he nui na koina hana; i ka manawa like, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā mea hoʻoweliweli e like me ka corrosion, scaling, a me ka pahū ʻana i ka wā hoʻolālā a me ka hana. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahu a e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana, ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo nā ʻāina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā evaporators hou, e like me nā evaporators compression evaporators, evaporators kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni, evaporators vacuum a me nā evaporators hou i loaʻa nā hopena kupaianaha.
- ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane
ʻO ka ʻenehana membrane kahi ala kūpono, ʻoihana waiwai a hilinaʻi hoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino radioactive. No ka mea, loaʻa i ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane nā hiʻohiʻona o ka maikaʻi effluent maikaʻi, ʻaʻohe wahi hoʻololi o nā mea, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu haʻahaʻa, ua noiʻi ikaika ʻia ka ʻenehana membrane.
ʻO ka ʻenehana membrane i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration , water-soluble polymer - membrane filtration, reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, membrane distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, liquid membrane, ferrite adsorption filtration membrane separation a me ka anion-exchange paper membrane a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe.
Melamine foam, kahi ʻano nanoscale stable ʻekolu-dimensional net organic filtration substrate, kona nui pore a hiki i 1nm, hiki i ka pore a hiki i ka 0.297cc/g, ka nui o ka wehe ʻana a hiki i 98%. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka adsorption maikaʻi a me ka kānana ʻana o ka wai nuklea, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā adsorbents e hoʻohui ʻia me.
- Lapaau olaola
ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau olaola ka phytoremediation a me nā ʻano microbial. ʻO ka Phytoremediation e pili ana i kahi ʻenehana lapaʻau in-situ hou e hoʻohana ana i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me kā lākou rhizosphere ʻōiwi microorganisms e hana pū ai e wehe i nā mea haumia o ke kaiapuni.
Mai nā hopena noiʻi e kū nei, ʻo nā ʻano ʻenehana bioremediation e pili ana i ka ʻenehana i kūkulu ʻia, ka ʻenehana kānana rhizosphere, ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe mea kanu, ka ʻenehana paʻa paʻa, a me ka ʻenehana evaporation mea kanu. Hōʻike nā hopena hōʻike e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka uranium a pau i loko o ke kino wai i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka microbiological o ka wai ʻōpala haʻahaʻa radioactive kahi ʻenehana hou i hoʻomaka e aʻo ʻia i nā makahiki 1960. Aia kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka uranium i loko o ka wai radioactive me kēia ʻano hana ma ka home a ma waho, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou aia i ka pae noiʻi hoʻokolohua i kēia manawa.
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka biotechnology a me ka noiʻi hohonu ʻana o ka ʻenehana pili ma waena o nā microorganisms a me nā metala, ua ʻike mālie ka poʻe i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microorganisms e mālama i ka pollution wastewater radioactive he ala hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā cell microbial ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau olaola e hoʻomoʻa, hoʻonui a hoʻihoʻi hou i nā radionuclides e like me ka uranium i loko o ka wai wai, he kiʻekiʻe ka hana, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohaumia lua, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka pahuhopu hōʻemi o ka ʻōpala radioactive a hana i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā nuclides.
- ʻO ke ʻano o ka Magneto-molecule
Ua hoʻomohala ka United States Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) i ke ʻano Mag-Mole-clue no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻōpala radioactive e like me ka strontium, cesium a me ka cobalt i hana ʻia. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano ma luna o kahi protein i kapa ʻia he ferritin, i hoʻololi ʻia e hoʻohana i nā molekala magnetic e hoʻopaʻa koho i nā mea haumia, a laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka hopena e nā magnet, a laila hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā metala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka holoi ʻana i ka moena kānana magnetic. ʻO Ferritin kahi pūmua multiunit multifunctional i mālama nui ʻia i loaʻa i nā mea ola, nona nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā ʻakika dilute (pH<2.0), nā kumu hoʻoheheʻe (pH= 12.0), a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (ma ke ʻano he 70～75°C ka mahana wai). Me ka hohonu o ka noiʻi ferritin, ua holomua nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hana hou i loko o ka vitro me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahi nano o kāna pūpū protein. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina in vitro he hiki i ka ferritin ke mālama i nā ion metala kaumaha i loko o ka vitro. Eia hou, ua kālele nā haʻawina mua i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka hao a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ka ferritin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ion metala kaumaha ʻē aʻe e like me nā probes e hoʻokūkū me nā ion hao. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia waiwai o ka ferritin no ka hopu ʻana i nā ion metala a kūʻē i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi reactor ferritin a hoʻohana iā ia ma ke kula no ka nānā mau ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia o ka wai kahe e nā ion metala kaumaha. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā in vitro, ua hui maikaʻi ʻia kekahi nuclei metala, e like me FeS nuclei, CdS nuclei, Mn3O4 nuclei, Fe3O4 magnetic iron nuclei a me uranium nuclei o nā mea radioactive, i loko o ka nano space o nā pūpū protein ferritin.
- ʻano hoʻōla ʻole
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Pennsylvania State University a me Savannah River National Laboratory i kahi ala hou no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kekahi mau wai ʻōpala radioactive haʻahaʻa i loko o kahi ʻano paʻa no ka hoʻolei palekana. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia kaʻina hana hou i kahi ʻano coagulation haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (<90°C) e hoʻopaʻa i ka wai ʻōpala radioactive kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻololi i ka wai ʻōpala i ke kino paʻa ʻole. Ua kapa ʻia ka poʻe ʻepekema i ke kino hoʻōla hope loa he "hydro ceramic" (he keramic porous bisque-fired). 'Ōlelo lākou he paʻakikī loa ke kino paʻa hope loa, kūpaʻa a lōʻihi, a hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā radionuclides i loko o kāna ʻano zeolite. Ua like kēia kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau me ka hana ʻana o nā pōhaku ma ke ʻano.
- Zero-valent iron percolation reaction wall technology
ʻO ka permeable reactive barrier (PRB) kahi ala e puka mai ana ma nā ʻāina hoʻomohala e like me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka wehe ʻana i loko o kahi o nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai lepo haumia. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā PRB i loko o nā aquifers lalo, e kū pono ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka kahe wai o ka honua. Ke kahe ka wai lepo haumia ma ka paia hopena ma lalo o ka hana o kāna iho hydraulic gradient, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā pollutants e ke kino a me nā hopena kemika me nā mea pane i loko o ka pā, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka pollution.
He ʻano hana hoʻihoʻi passive kēia e pono ai ka mālama liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe kumu kūʻai. Ma ke ʻano he lālā koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana PRB, ua noiʻi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana Fe0-PRB ma nā ʻāina he nui a ma nā ʻano he nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai lepo. Ua loaʻa nā hopena hoʻoikaika ma ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano hana pane, ke ʻano a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o PRB, a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea hana hou. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe naʻauao o Kina e aʻo i ka ʻenehana paʻa percolation ikaika i hōʻike ʻia e ka zero-valent iron no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana (hana) o ka uranium tailings radioactive wastewater, a ua loaʻa i ka noiʻi o kēia manawa kekahi mau hopena.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā huahana nanofiltration melamine foam SINOYQX, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻokaʻaʻike mai iā mākou ma [email protected] a i ʻole e leka uila mai iā mākou: +86-28-8411-1861.
Hoʻopuka hou ʻia kekahi mau kiʻi a me nā kikokikona mai ka Pūnaewele, a no ka mea kākau kumu ke kuleana kope. Inā loaʻa kekahi hewa, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou e holoi.